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06 Contract(1903) 30 Cal 539 (PC)

Mohori Bibee v. Dharmodas Ghose

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The Privy Council held that a contract entered into by a minor is void ab initio (void from the outset), not merely voidable, since a minor lacks the contractual capacity required under Section 11 of the Indian Contract Act. The mortgage executed by the minor respondent was held void, and the lender was not entitled to recover the money advanced, as there was no valid contract to enforce restitution under Section 65. This remains the foundational authority on minors' contracts in Indian law.

Minor ContractVoid AgreementSection 11Capacity to Contract
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03 Civil Procedure CodeAIR 1986 SC 180

Olga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation

Supreme Court of India

The Supreme Court held that the right to livelihood is an integral component of the right to life under Article 21. Pavements and footpaths are public property meant for the use of the general public, and pavement dwellers do not have a legal right to occupy them. However, the Court held that the State must give adequate notice and an opportunity of hearing before evicting pavement dwellers, as their removal directly impacts their right to livelihood and life.

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05 Family LawAIR 1985 SC 945

Shah Bano Begum v. Mohammad Ahmed Khan

Supreme Court of India

The Supreme Court held that a Muslim woman divorced by her husband is entitled to claim maintenance under Section 125 of the CrPC, which applies to all citizens regardless of religion. The Court held that the maintenance obligation under Section 125 overrides the provisions of personal law where they are inconsistent. Justice Chandrachud observed that a uniform civil code ought to be enacted. The judgment triggered nationwide debate and led to the enactment of the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986.

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08 Company Law(2005) 1 SCC 308

Tata Consultancy Services v. State of Andhra Pradesh

Supreme Court of India

The Supreme Court held that computer software (whether in the form of canned/off-the-shelf software on a medium, or loaded on the buyer's system) constitutes "goods" within the meaning of the Sale of Goods Act and is therefore liable to sales tax. The Court applied a functional test — if the article is capable of being bought, sold, transmitted, and used repeatedly, it is goods.

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08 Company LawAIR 1997 SC 3011

Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan

Supreme Court of India

In the absence of enacted legislation, the Supreme Court laid down binding guidelines to protect women from sexual harassment at the workplace, now known as the Vishaka Guidelines. The Court held that sexual harassment of women at the workplace violates their fundamental rights under Articles 14, 15, and 21. Employers were directed to constitute complaints committees, notify prohibitions, and take preventive steps. These guidelines formed the basis of the POSH Act, 2013.

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09 Taxation Law(2012) 6 SCC 613

Vodafone International Holdings v. Union of India

Supreme Court of India

The Supreme Court held that the Income Tax Department had no jurisdiction to tax Vodafone's acquisition of a stake in Hutchison Essar, since the transaction was a sale of shares between two foreign companies outside India, and did not amount to a transfer of a capital asset situated in India. The Court rejected the 'look through' approach for offshore share transfers absent specific statutory authority. The ruling prompted Parliament to introduce retrospective amendments via the Finance Act, 2012.

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